Brief description
This dataset consists of measurements of the exchange of energy and mass between the surface and the atmospheric boundary-layer from an Almond Orchard in South Australia's Riverland, using eddy covariance techniques.The Loxton site was established in August 2008 and decommissioned in June 2009. The orchard was divided into 10 ha blocks (200 m by 500 m with the long axis aligned north–south) and the flux tower was situated at 34.47035°S and 140.65512°E near the middle of the northern half of a block of trees. The topography of the site was slightly undulating and the area around the tower had a slope of less than 1.5°. The orchard was planted in 2000 with an inter-row spacing of 7 m and a within row spacing of 5 m. Tree height in August 2008 was 5.5 m. The study block consists of producers, Nonpareil, planted every other row, and pollinators planted as alternating rows of Carmel, Carmel and Peerless, and Carmel and Price. All varieties were planted on Nemaguard rootstock. All but 31 ha of the surrounding orchard was planted between 1999 and 2002. Nutrients were applied via fertigation. Dosing occurred between September and November and in April with KNO3, Urea, KCl, and NH4NO3 applied at annual rates of 551, 484, 647, and 113 kg/ha, respectively. The growth of ground cover along the tree line was suppressed with herbicides throughout the year. Growth in the mid-row began in late winter and persisted until herbicide application in late November.
The research was supported with funds from the National Action Plan for Salinity via the Centre for Natural Resource Management, and the River Murray Levy.
This data is also available at http://data.ozflux.org.au .
Lineage
All flux raw data is subject to the quality control process OzFlux QA/QC to generate data from L1 to L6. Levels 3 to 6 are available for re-use. Datasets contain Quality Controls flags which will indicate when data quality is poor and has been filled from alternative sources. For more details, refer to Isaac et al (2017) in the Publications section, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2903-2017 .
Progress Code: completed
Maintenance and Update Frequency: biannually
Notes
CreditWe at TERN acknowledge the Traditional Owners and Custodians throughout Australia, New Zealand and all nations. We honour their profound connections to land, water, biodiversity and culture and pay our respects to their Elders past, present and emerging.
The research was supported with funds from the National Action Plan for Salinity via the Centre for Natural Resource Management, and the River Murray Levy.
Purpose
The purpose of the Loxton flux station is to measure the water use of about 4 ha of mature high-yielding almond trees. The study area was surrounded by almonds undergoing a similar irrigation regime. Ancillary measures of orchard canopy size; water, nutrient and salinity status, and climate were also collected. Two of the weaknesses in this approach, uncertainty about the origin of fluxes and lack of energy balance closure, were addressed by calculating monthly flux footprints and deriving ET from fluxes which have been adjusted to close the energy balance.
The purpose of the Loxton flux station is to measure the water use of about 4 ha of mature high-yielding almond trees. The study area was surrounded by almonds undergoing a similar irrigation regime. Ancillary measures of orchard canopy size; water, nutrient and salinity status, and climate were also collected. Two of the weaknesses in this approach, uncertainty about the origin of fluxes and lack of energy balance closure, were addressed by calculating monthly flux footprints and deriving ET from fluxes which have been adjusted to close the energy balance.
Data Quality Information
Data Quality Assessment Scope
local :
dataset
If the data quality is poor, the data is filled from alternative sources. Filled data can be identified by the Quality Controls flags in the dataset. Quality control checks include (i) range checks for plausible limits, (ii) spike detection, (iii) dependency on other variables and (iv) manual rejection of date ranges. Specific checks applied to the sonic and IRGA data include rejection of points based on the sonic and IRGA diagnostic values and on either automatic gain control (AGC) or CO2 and H2O signal strength, depending upon the configuration of the IRGA. For more details, refer to Isaac et al (2017) in the Publications section, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2903-2017. <br>
For further information about the software (PyFluxPro) used to process and quality control the flux data, see https://github.com/OzFlux/PyFluxPro/wiki.
Created: 2008-08-19
Issued: 2021-09-20
Modified: 2024-05-04
Data time period: 2008-08-19 to 2009-06-09
text: Riverland, South Australia.
Subjects
1 minute - < 1 hour |
AIR TEMPERATURE |
ATMOSPHERE |
ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE |
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY |
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE |
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS |
ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION |
Atmospheric Sciences |
ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE |
ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR |
AU-Lox |
BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES |
BIOSPHERE |
Campbell Scientific 105T |
Campbell Scientific CS616 |
Campbell Scientific CSAT3 |
Cubic Meter per Cubic Meter |
Degree |
EARTH SCIENCE |
Earth Sciences |
Ecological Applications |
Environmental Science and Management |
Environmental Sciences |
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION |
Ecosystem Function |
Environmental Monitoring |
GEOCHEMISTRY |
Gram per Cubic Meter |
HEAT FLUX |
HUMIDITY |
Hukseflux HFP01SC |
INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION |
Kilogram per Kilogram |
Kilograms per metre per square second |
Kilograms per square metre per second |
Kilopascal |
Kipp&Zonen CNR1 |
LAND PRODUCTIVITY |
LAND SURFACE |
LAND USE/LAND COVER |
LI-COR LI-190SB |
LI-COR LI-7500 |
LONGWAVE RADIATION |
Loxton Flux Station |
Met One Instruments 034B Wind Sensor |
Meter |
Meter per Second |
Micromoles per mole |
Micromoles per square metre second |
Middleton CN3 |
Milligram per Cubic Meter |
Millimetre |
Millimoles per mole |
Millimoles per square metre second |
Monin-Obukhov length (Meter) |
PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION |
PRECIPITATION |
PRECIPITATION AMOUNT |
Percent |
Point Resolution |
SHORTWAVE RADIATION |
SOIL MOISTURE/WATER CONTENT |
Soil Sciences |
SOIL TEMPERATURE |
SOLID EARTH |
SURFACE TEMPERATURE |
Setra 278 (and CS or Thies equivalent) |
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS |
TRACE GASES/TRACE SPECIES |
TURBULENCE |
Texas Electronics TE525MM |
Vaisala HMP45A/D |
WIND DIRECTION |
WIND SPEED |
Watt per Square Meter |
air temperature (degree Celsius) |
climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere |
deciduous broadleaf forests |
degree Celsius |
downward heat flux at ground level in soil (Watt per Square Meter) |
eastward wind (Meter per Second) |
ecosystem respiration (Micromoles per square metre second) |
gross primary productivity of biomass expressed as carbon (Micromoles per square metre second) |
magnitude of surface downward stress (Kilograms per metre per square second) |
mass concentration of carbon dioxide in air (Milligram per Cubic Meter) |
mass concentration of water vapor in air (Gram per Cubic Meter) |
mole fraction of carbon dioxide in air (Micromoles per mole) |
mole fraction of water vapor in air (Millimoles per mole) |
net ecosystem exchange (Micromoles per square metre second) |
net ecosystem productivity (Micromoles per square metre second) |
northward wind (Meter per Second) |
relative humidity (Percent) |
soil temperature (degree Celsius) |
specific humidity (Kilogram per Kilogram) |
specific humidity saturation deficit in air (Kilogram per Kilogram) |
surface air pressure (Kilopascal) |
surface downwelling longwave flux in air (Watt per Square Meter) |
surface downwelling photosynthetic photon flux in air (Millimoles per square metre second) |
surface downwelling shortwave flux in air (Watt per Square Meter) |
surface friction velocity (Meter per Second) |
surface net downward radiative flux (Watt per Square Meter) |
surface upward flux of available energy (Watt per Square Meter) |
surface upward latent heat flux (Watt per Square Meter) |
surface upward mole flux of carbon dioxide (Micromoles per square metre second) |
surface upward sensible heat flux (Watt per Square Meter) |
surface upwelling longwave flux in air (Watt per Square Meter) |
surface upwelling shortwave flux in air (Watt per Square Meter) |
thickness of rainfall amount (Millimetre) |
upward mole flux of carbon dioxide due inferred from storage (Micromoles per square metre second) |
vertical wind (Meter per Second) |
volume fraction of condensed water in soil (Cubic Meter per Cubic Meter) |
water evapotranspiration flux (Kilograms per square metre per second) |
water vapor partial pressure in air (Kilopascal) |
water vapor saturation deficit in air (Kilopascal) |
wind from direction (Degree) |
wind speed (Meter per Second) |
User Contributed Tags
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Point-of-truth metadata URL Identifiers
- URI : geonetwork.tern.org.au/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/37c7bfdf-202c-463a-bbe8-a3f9db2e2766
- global : 37c7bfdf-202c-463a-bbe8-a3f9db2e2766
