Data

Satellite Relay Tagging Program - Southern Ocean - MEOP Quality Controlled CTD Profiles

Australian Ocean Data Network
Hindell, Mark
Viewed: [[ro.stat.viewed]] Cited: [[ro.stat.cited]] Accessed: [[ro.stat.accessed]]
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In 2024 data was added from flatback and olive ridley turtles, from a pilot study co-funded by the Royal Australian Navy in collaboration with the Australian Institute of Marine Science and Indigenous Ranger groups. Data parameters measured by the instruments include time, conductivity (salinity), temperature, pressure and depth. The data represented by this record have been Qc'd and are the Australian subset of the MEOP-CTD database (MEOP: Marine Mammals Exploring the Oceans Pole to Pole), complemented with the most recent Southern Ocean deployment data. This Australian subset of the Southern Ocean database represents about one quarter of the entire MEOP-CTD database, which currently is about 52,000 profiles obtained from 275 CTD-SRDL tag deployments. The Australian dataset originated in 2004, and was initially collected by Mark Hindell's team based at the University of Tasmania, and in later years his data has formed part of the Animal Tracking Facility of Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS).Maintenance and Update Frequency: asNeededStatement: The CTD-Satellite Relay Data Loggers (CTD-SRDLs) are built by the Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU, University of St. Andrews, UK), incorporating CTD sensors developed by Valeport Ltd (Devon, UK). The sensor head consists of a pressure transducer, a platinum resistance thermometer, and an inductive cell for measuring conductivity. The temperature and conductivity sensors have a precision (repeatability) of 0.005oC and 0.005 mS/cm, respectively. Before being taken into the field, devices are calibrated in the laboratory by Valeport. Some of the CTD-SRDLs (about half) were also tested at sea against a ship-based CTD before the deployment. CTD-SRDLs record hydrographic profiles during the ascent of animals, retaining only the deepest dive in each six-hour time interval, and transmitting profiles in a compressed form (between 10 and 25 data points per profile, depending on the tag program) through the Advanced Research and Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS) system. The accuracy of ARGOS geo-positioning is typically better than +/-5 km, because seals never stay at the surface more than a few minutes. New methods are currently under development by the ARGOS team, which should substantially improve the quality of positioning. Hydrographic profiles are post-processed using a unified procedure of editing, adjustment, and validation (Roquet, F. et al. Delayed-mode calibration of hydrographic data obtained from animal-borne satellite relay data loggers. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 41, 787-801 (2011)). Each individual CTD-SRDL dataset is post-processed separately, as each tag has different technical specifications and a different life history. A standard set of tests, adapted from Argo standard quality-control procedures (Wong, A. et al. Argo Quality Control Manual v2.9. Argo Data Management, 54pp, http://www.argodatamgt.org (2013)), is first run to remove bad profiles, spikes, and outliers. For CTD-SRDLs with profiles in frozen areas, a temperature offset was estimated using the local freezing temperature. A salinity adjustment was also estimated, consisting in a pressure dependent linear correction. This bias is mainly induced by an external field effect on the conductivity sensor, which cannot be corrected a priori because it depends on how the tag has been attached on the animal's head. Adjustments parameters were estimated for each CTD-SRDLs separately by comparisons of salinity measurements with available data in the World Ocean Database. Because the southern ACC region (south of 55oS) is associated with a large-scale upwelling of circumpolar deep waters near the surface, the salinity at depth is very stable there, with a low natural variability highly suitable for use as a reference. Salinity data cross-comparisons between different CTD-SRDLs were also used to estimate suitable adjustments for CTD-SRDLs having no profiles available in the southern ACC region. Temperature and salinity adjustments vary from tag to tag, and they are applied identically to all profiles from a given tag.Once calibrated, the accuracy of post-processed CTD-SRDL measurements was estimated to be +/-0.03oC in temperature and +/-0.05 psu (practical salinity unit) or better in salinity for CTD-SRDLs built after 2007. The achieved accuracy is highly dependent upon availability of ship-based CTD comparisons, and the type of water masses sampled during the deployment time. In best cases, an accuracy of +/-0.01 oC and +/-0.02 psu can be obtained. 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downlimit=0&rft.coverage=uplimit=150; downlimit=0&rft_rights=Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/&rft_rights=The citation in a list of references is: Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS); Hindell, Mark [year-of-data-download], Satellite Relay Tagging Program - Southern Ocean - MEOP QC'd CTD Profiles, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC); Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania (UTAS), [data-access-URL], accessed [date-of-access]. If data includes turtle data between January 2022 - June 2024, please cite as follows: Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS); Hindell, Mark; Department of Defence [year-of-data-download], Satellite Relay Tagging Program - Southern Ocean - MEOP QC'd CTD Profiles, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC); Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania (UTAS), [data-access-URL], accessed [date-of-access].&rft_rights=Any users of IMOS data are required to clearly acknowledge the source of the material derived from IMOS in the format: Data was sourced from Australia's Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) - IMOS is enabled by the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure strategy (NCRIS). If relevant, also credit other organisations involved in collection of this particular datastream (as listed in 'credit' in the metadata record).&rft_rights=If you use this dataset for a publication, please also add the following sentence in the Acknowledgement part: The marine mammal data were collected and made freely available by the International MEOP Consortium and the national programs that contribute to it. (http://www.meop.net).&rft_rights=Data, products and services from IMOS are provided as is without any warranty as to fitness for a particular purpose.&rft_subject=oceans&rft_subject=WATER TEMPERATURE&rft_subject=EARTH SCIENCE&rft_subject=OCEANS&rft_subject=OCEAN TEMPERATURE&rft_subject=CONDUCTIVITY&rft_subject=SALINITY/DENSITY&rft_subject=Oceans | Marine Biology | Marine Mammals&rft_subject=Oceans | Marine Biology | Marine Reptiles&rft_subject=CTD Satellite Relay Data Logger&rft_subject=Agency | SMRU | Sea Mammal Research Unit&rft_subject=Tags and Tracking Devices&rft_subject=Regional Seas | Arafura Sea&rft_subject=Regional Seas | Tasman Sea&rft_subject=Global / Oceans | Indian Ocean&rft_subject=Regional Seas | Timor Sea&rft_subject=Marine Features (Australia) | Bass Strait, TAS/VIC&rft_subject=Global / Oceans | Southern Ocean&rft_subject=Global / Oceans | Pacific Ocean&rft_subject=Global / Oceans | Atlantic Ocean&rft_subject=Continents | Antarctica&rft_subject=States, Territories (Australia) | Victoria&rft_subject=Offshore Islands (Australia) | Heard & McDonald Islands&rft_subject=States, Territories (Australia) | Tasmania&rft_subject=Countries | Australia&rft_subject=Countries | Australia (including external territories)&rft_subject=States, Territories (Australia) | New South Wales&rft_subject=States, Territories (Australia) | Northern Territory&rft_subject=Countries | Indonesia&rft_subject=Countries | New Zealand&rft_subject=States, Territories (Australia) | Queensland&rft_subject=Offshore Islands (Australia) | Macquarie Island&rft_subject=land-sea mammals&rft_subject=organism&rft_subject=Temperature of the water body&rft_subject=Pressure (measured variable) in the water body exerted by overlying sea water and any medium above it&rft_subject=Practical salinity of the water body&rft_subject=Longitude east&rft_subject=Latitude north&rft_subject=CTD&rft_subject=SMRU CTD Satellite Relay Data Logger&rft_subject=Animal Tagging Sub-Facility, Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS)&rft.type=dataset&rft.language=English Access the data
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Licence & Rights:

Open Licence view details
CC-BY

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

The citation in a list of references is: "Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS); Hindell, Mark [year-of-data-download], Satellite Relay Tagging Program - Southern Ocean - MEOP QC'd CTD Profiles, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC); Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania (UTAS), [data-access-URL], accessed [date-of-access]."

If data includes turtle data between January 2022 - June 2024, please cite as follows:
"Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS); Hindell, Mark; Department of Defence [year-of-data-download], Satellite Relay Tagging Program - Southern Ocean - MEOP QC'd CTD Profiles, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC); Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania (UTAS), [data-access-URL], accessed [date-of-access]."

Any users of IMOS data are required to clearly acknowledge the source of the material derived from IMOS in the format: "Data was sourced from Australia's Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) - IMOS is enabled by the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure strategy (NCRIS)." If relevant, also credit other organisations involved in collection of this particular datastream (as listed in 'credit' in the metadata record).

If you use this dataset for a publication, please also add the following sentence in the Acknowledgement part: "The marine mammal data were collected and made freely available by the International MEOP Consortium and the national programs that contribute to it. (http://www.meop.net)."

Data, products and services from IMOS are provided "as is" without any warranty as to fitness for a particular purpose.

Access:

Other

Brief description

CTD (Conductivity-Temperature_Depth)-Satellite Relay Data Loggers (CTD-SRDLs) are used to explore how marine animal behaviour relates to their oceanic environment. Loggers developed at the University of St Andrews Sea Mammal Research Unit transmit data in near real-time via the Argo satellite system. Data represented here was collected in the Southern Ocean, from elephant, fur and Weddell Seals. In 2024 data was added from flatback and olive ridley turtles, from a pilot study co-funded by the Royal Australian Navy in collaboration with the Australian Institute of Marine Science and Indigenous Ranger groups. Data parameters measured by the instruments include time, conductivity (salinity), temperature, pressure and depth. The data represented by this record have been Qc'd and are the Australian subset of the MEOP-CTD database (MEOP: Marine Mammals Exploring the Oceans Pole to Pole), complemented with the most recent Southern Ocean deployment data. This Australian subset of the Southern Ocean database represents about one quarter of the entire MEOP-CTD database, which currently is about 52,000 profiles obtained from 275 CTD-SRDL tag deployments. The Australian dataset originated in 2004, and was initially collected by Mark Hindell's team based at the University of Tasmania, and in later years his data has formed part of the Animal Tracking Facility of Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS).

Lineage

Maintenance and Update Frequency: asNeeded
Statement: The CTD-Satellite Relay Data Loggers (CTD-SRDLs) are built by the Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU, University of St. Andrews, UK), incorporating CTD sensors developed by Valeport Ltd (Devon, UK). The sensor head consists of a pressure transducer, a platinum resistance thermometer, and an inductive cell for measuring conductivity. The temperature and conductivity sensors have a precision (repeatability) of 0.005oC and 0.005 mS/cm, respectively. Before being taken into the field, devices are calibrated in the laboratory by Valeport. Some of the CTD-SRDLs (about half) were also tested at sea against a ship-based CTD before the deployment. CTD-SRDLs record hydrographic profiles during the ascent of animals, retaining only the deepest dive in each six-hour time interval, and transmitting profiles in a compressed form (between 10 and 25 data points per profile, depending on the tag program) through the Advanced Research and Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS) system. The accuracy of ARGOS geo-positioning is typically better than +/-5 km, because seals never stay at the surface more than a few minutes. New methods are currently under development by the ARGOS team, which should substantially improve the quality of positioning. Hydrographic profiles are post-processed using a unified procedure of editing, adjustment, and validation (Roquet, F. et al. Delayed-mode calibration of hydrographic data obtained from animal-borne satellite relay data loggers. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 41, 787-801 (2011)). Each individual CTD-SRDL dataset is post-processed separately, as each tag has different technical specifications and a different life history. A standard set of tests, adapted from Argo standard quality-control procedures (Wong, A. et al. Argo Quality Control Manual v2.9. Argo Data Management, 54pp, http://www.argodatamgt.org (2013)), is first run to remove bad profiles, spikes, and outliers. For CTD-SRDLs with profiles in frozen areas, a temperature offset was estimated using the local freezing temperature. A salinity adjustment was also estimated, consisting in a pressure dependent linear correction. This bias is mainly induced by an external field effect on the conductivity sensor, which cannot be corrected a priori because it depends on how the tag has been attached on the animal's head. Adjustments parameters were estimated for each CTD-SRDLs separately by comparisons of salinity measurements with available data in the World Ocean Database. Because the southern ACC region (south of 55oS) is associated with a large-scale upwelling of circumpolar deep waters near the surface, the salinity at depth is very stable there, with a low natural variability highly suitable for use as a reference. Salinity data cross-comparisons between different CTD-SRDLs were also used to estimate suitable adjustments for CTD-SRDLs having no profiles available in the southern ACC region. Temperature and salinity adjustments vary from tag to tag, and they are applied identically to all profiles from a given tag.Once calibrated, the accuracy of post-processed CTD-SRDL measurements was estimated to be +/-0.03oC in temperature and +/-0.05 psu (practical salinity unit) or better in salinity for CTD-SRDLs built after 2007. The achieved accuracy is highly dependent upon availability of ship-based CTD comparisons, and the type of water masses sampled during the deployment time. In best cases, an accuracy of +/-0.01 oC and +/-0.02 psu can be obtained. Pre-2007 CTD-SRDLs (about 5% of profiles) used an older technology with a poorer accuracy roughly estimated around +/-0.1 oC and +/-0.1 psu.

Notes

Credit
Australia's Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) is enabled by the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS). It is operated by a consortium of institutions as an unincorporated joint venture, with the University of Tasmania as Lead Agent.
Credit
Antarctic Climate and Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC)
Credit
Australian Antarctic Science (AAS) program
Credit
Marine Mammals Exploring the Oceans Pole to Pole (MEOP) Consortium
Credit
Department of Defence (DoD)
Credit
Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS)
Credit
Tiwi Islands Marine Rangers

Issued: 02 11 2016

Data time period: 01 01 2004

This dataset is part of a larger collection

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Subjects
Agency | SMRU | Sea Mammal Research Unit | Animal Tagging Sub-Facility, Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) | Conductivity | CTD | CTD Satellite Relay Data Logger | Continents | Antarctica | Countries | Australia | Countries | Australia (including external territories) | Countries | Indonesia | Countries | New Zealand | EARTH SCIENCE | Global / Oceans | Atlantic Ocean | Global / Oceans | Indian Ocean | Global / Oceans | Pacific Ocean | Global / Oceans | Southern Ocean | Latitude north | Longitude east | Marine Features (Australia) | Bass Strait, TAS/VIC | OCEAN TEMPERATURE | OCEANS | Oceans | Marine Biology | Marine Mammals | Oceans | Marine Biology | Marine Reptiles | Offshore Islands (Australia) | Heard & McDonald Islands | Offshore Islands (Australia) | Macquarie Island | Practical salinity of the water body | Pressure (measured variable) in the water body exerted by overlying sea water and any medium above it | Regional Seas | Arafura Sea | Regional Seas | Tasman Sea | Regional Seas | Timor Sea | SALINITY/DENSITY | SMRU CTD Satellite Relay Data Logger | States, Territories (Australia) | New South Wales | States, Territories (Australia) | Northern Territory | States, Territories (Australia) | Queensland | States, Territories (Australia) | Tasmania | States, Territories (Australia) | Victoria | Tags and Tracking Devices | Temperature of the water body | Water Temperature | land-sea mammals | oceans | organism |

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Other Information
(Animal Tracking Facility page on IMOS website)

uri : http://imos.org.au/animaltracking.html

(Data Paper describing the Southern Ocean Database)

uri : http://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201428

(Paper - A review of the MEOP consortium)

uri : http://www.tos.org/oceanography/assets/docs/30-2_treasure.pdf

(GitHub repository for MEOP)

uri : https://github.com/fabien-roquet/meop_qc

(Best Practice Manual for SMRU CTD Satellite Relay Data Loggers)

uri : https://content.aodn.org.au/Documents/IMOS/Facilities/animal_tracking/IMOS_Animal_Tracking_Best_Practice_Manual_for_SMRU_CTD_Satellite_Relay_Data_Loggers_LATEST.pdf

(View profile plots from Oceancurrent SealCTDs page)

uri : http://oceancurrent.imos.org.au/aatams.php

(OGC WFS help documentation)

uri : https://help.aodn.org.au/web-services/ogc-wfs/

(ncUrlList help documentation)

uri : https://help.aodn.org.au/web-services/ncurllist-service/

(Access To AWS Open Data Program registry for the Cloud Optimised version of this dataset)

uri : https://registry.opendata.aws/aodn_animal_ctd_satellite_relay_tagging_delayed_qc/

(Access to Jupyter notebook to query Cloud Optimised converted dataset)

uri : https://nbviewer.org/github/aodn/aodn_cloud_optimised/blob/main/notebooks/animal_ctd_satellite_relay_tagging_delayed_qc.ipynb

global : 4637bd9b-8fba-4a10-bf23-26a511e17042

Identifiers
  • global : 95d6314c-cfc7-40ae-b439-85f14541db71
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