Data

Impacts of seawater desalination on the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama in the upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia

Australian Ocean Data Network
Bronwyn Gillanders
Viewed: [[ro.stat.viewed]] Cited: [[ro.stat.cited]] Accessed: [[ro.stat.accessed]]
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2FANDS&rft_id=https://catalogue.aodn.org.au:443/geonetwork/srv/api/records/75c296f7-145f-47e7-a677-996c07871487&rft.title=Impacts of seawater desalination on the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama in the upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia&rft.identifier=https://catalogue.aodn.org.au:443/geonetwork/srv/api/records/75c296f7-145f-47e7-a677-996c07871487&rft.description=With seawater desalination expanding rapidly, it is important that ecological studies are undertaken to determine the effects of brine discharge on the marine species in the area. The abundance of giant Australian cuttlefish (Sepia apama, Gray 1849) eggs and environmental data were recorded at nine sites near Point Lowly, Spencer Gulf, South Australia, an area where the largest desalination plant in the Southern hemisphere is proposed. In addition, the effects of different concentrations of desalination brine on the growth, survival and condition of cuttlefish embryos were investigated. The primary egg-laying sites for the cuttlefish were in the vicinity of Stony Point (sites 4 and 3) and the area with the least egg abundance was on the eastern and western areas around Point Lowly (sites 9 and 7) where no eggs were found. The survival of embryos decreased with an increase in salinity, with no embryos surviving to full term in salinities greater than 50‰. Mean weight and mantle length also decreased with increasing salinity. Besides elevated salinity, the brine also had increased concentrations of Ba, Ca, K, Sr and Mg relative to water near Point Lowly. Brine discharge from seawater desalination poses a potential threat to the unique spawning aggregation of the giant Australian cuttlefish, in the upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia.Maintenance and Update Frequency: unknownStatement: Study site and study species Data collection and field sampling were made at nine sites in the coastal waters between Black Point and Point Lowly in the upper Spencer Gulf. This area is where the dense spawning aggregation of S. apama occurs every winter from May to August. Abundance of clutches Egg abundance was determined during July 2007 and 2008 at each of the 9 sites by underwater visual strip transects undertaken on SCUBA. Six replicate transects of 20 m length were sampled at each site. Two to three divers counted the number of clutches of eggs while searching to 1 m either side of the transect line; the area covered per site was 240 m2. Clutches were defined as a group of two or more eggs. Water quality Water quality was analysed and environmental parameters determined in July and August 2007 during the peak egg developmental period of the giant Australian cuttlefish. Samples for analysis of nutrients and trace elements were taken from the 9 sites within the known breeding ground where numbers of clutches of eggs were estimated. Surface water samples for analysis of nutrients and water chemistry were taken (15 cm below surface) via 20 ml plastic sterilised syringes (n = 6) at each of the 9 sites. Samples for nutrient analysis (n = 3) were then filtered through 0.45 lm glass fibre filters into 15 ml sample containers and stored frozen prior to analysis. Nutrient samples were then analysed for concentrations of dissolved ammonia (NHþ3 =4), oxidised nitrogen (NOx), and orthophosphate (OP) on a Lachet FIA (Flow injection Analysis) Automated Ion Analyser. Water chemistry Samples for water chemistry (n = 3) were also filtered through 0.45 lm glass fibre filters but placed into acid washed 30 ml sample containers containing 500 lL of nitric acid (HNO3) (70%) and refrigerated for trace element analysis. These samples were analysed by the National Measurement Institute (NMI) for trace elements (Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn) and Copper (Cu)). A Perkin Elmer 6000 DRC (Dynamic Reaction Cell) inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometer (ICP– MS) was used to detect the concentrations within each sample. High resolution ICP–MS was used to determine Zn concentrations to remove interference of molecular ions originating from NaCl, S, Mg, K, and Ca. Lutetium and indium were used as internal standards to correct for ICP–MS drift. Cu and Mn were omitted from further analyses because the readings were below detection limits. Environmental parameters A YSI 6600 Multi-parameter Water Quality Meter (CTD sonde) was used to obtain data on depth, temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) at each site. The sonde was slowly lowered from the side of a boat and took recordings from the surface to the bottom for 90 s with 3–7 s intervals between each reading. On the first sampling occasion readings were taken for all sites and replicate drops were conducted. On the second sampling occasion only one set of recordings were taken and some sites were not sampled due to rough sea conditions. Embryo growth experiment Egg collection S. apama eggs were collected from Stony Point in the upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia during July 2007. Newly laid eggs that were soft, bright white and opaque in appearance were collected. Date of hatching was recorded for each individual and minimum length of time to hatching determined based on eggs being laid on the day of collection. Percent survival was determined based on the number of individuals per tank per treatment which survived to hatching. Hatchlings were removed immediately from tanks once hatched and placed into an ice slurry. Length was measured using Mitutoyo digital blade type callipers (±0.05 mm) and wet weight, using an electronic balance (±0.01 g). Field samples Ten hatchlings were collected from Stony Point just prior to hatching in October to determine condition of wild cuttlefish. Length and weight measurements of hatchlings were determined in the laboratory using electronic callipers and an electronic balance. Please refer to published report for detailed methodologies: Dupavillon JL, Gillanders BM (2009) Impacts of seawater desalination on the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama in the upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia. Marine Environmental Research 67, 207-218.&rft.creator=Bronwyn Gillanders &rft.date=2013&rft.coverage=westlimit=136.00; southlimit=-35.00; eastlimit=138.00; northlimit=-32.00&rft.coverage=westlimit=136.00; southlimit=-35.00; eastlimit=138.00; northlimit=-32.00&rft_rights=Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/au/&rft_rights=The citation in a list of references is: Gillanders, Bronwyn (2013). Impacts of seawater desalination on the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama in the upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia. University of Adelaide. 75c296f7-145f-47e7-a677-996c07871487. Data accessed at http://mest.aodn.org.au/geonetwork/.&rft_rights=Data available upon request.&rft_subject=oceans&rft_subject=biota&rft_subject=environment&rft_subject=Sepia apama&rft_subject=Giant Australian Cuttlefish&rft_subject=DESALINIZATION&rft_subject=EARTH SCIENCE&rft_subject=OCEANS&rft_subject=SALINITY/DENSITY&rft_subject=SALINITY&rft_subject=ENDANGERED SPECIES&rft_subject=BIOSPHERE&rft_subject=ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS&rft_subject=SPECIES/POPULATION INTERACTIONS&rft_subject=MOLLUSKS&rft_subject=BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION&rft_subject=ANIMALS/INVERTEBRATES&rft_subject=WATER MANAGEMENT&rft_subject=HUMAN DIMENSIONS&rft_subject=ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE/MANAGEMENT&rft_subject=Oceans | Marine Biology | Marine Invertebrates&rft_subject=TRACE ELEMENTS&rft_subject=OCEAN CHEMISTRY&rft_subject=PH&rft_subject=OXYGEN&rft_subject=WATER TEMPERATURE&rft_subject=OCEAN TEMPERATURE&rft_subject=NITROGEN&rft_subject=AMMONIA&rft_subject=PHOSPHATE&rft_subject=SCUBA (observations and/or sampling)&rft_subject=Visual Counts/Observations&rft_subject=Water Column Samplers&rft_subject=Mass Spectrometers&rft_subject=CTD (Conductivity-Temperature-Depth Profilers)&rft_subject=Global/Oceans | Southern Ocean/ Australia extension&rft_subject=Marine Features (Australia) | Spencer Gulf, SA&rft_subject=Desalination&rft_subject=Brine&rft_subject=count&rft_subject=mass_concentration_of_ammonia_in_sea_water&rft_subject=mass_concentration_of_oxidised_nitrogen_in_sea_water&rft_subject=mass_concentration_of_orthophosphate_in_sea_water&rft_subject=mass_concentration_of_calcium_in_sea_water&rft_subject=mass_concentration_of_ magnesium_in_sea_water&rft_subject=mass_concentration_of_ potassium_in_sea_water&rft_subject=mass_concentration_of_ strontium_in_sea_water&rft_subject=mass_concentration_of_ barium_in_sea_water&rft_subject=mass_concentration_of_ iron_in_sea_water&rft_subject=mass_concentration_of_ zinc_in_sea_water&rft_subject=mass_concentration_of_ manganese_in_sea_water&rft_subject=mass_concentration_of_ copper_in_sea_water&rft_subject=length&rft_subject=weight&rft_subject=depth&rft_subject=sea_water_temperature&rft_subject=sea_water_salinity&rft_subject=pH&rft_subject=mass_concentration_of_dissolved_oxygen_in_sea_water&rft.type=dataset&rft.language=English Access the data
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The citation in a list of references is: Gillanders, Bronwyn (2013). Impacts of seawater desalination on the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama in the upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia. University of Adelaide. 75c296f7-145f-47e7-a677-996c07871487. Data accessed at http://mest.aodn.org.au/geonetwork/.

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Brief description

With seawater desalination expanding rapidly, it is important that ecological studies are undertaken to determine the effects of brine discharge on the marine species in the area. The abundance of giant Australian cuttlefish (Sepia apama, Gray 1849) eggs and environmental data were recorded at nine sites near Point Lowly, Spencer Gulf, South Australia, an area where the largest desalination plant in the Southern hemisphere is proposed. In addition, the effects of different concentrations of desalination brine on the growth, survival and condition of cuttlefish embryos were investigated. The primary egg-laying sites for the cuttlefish were in the vicinity of Stony Point (sites 4 and 3) and the area with the least egg abundance was on the eastern and western areas around Point Lowly (sites 9 and 7) where no eggs were found. The survival of embryos decreased with an increase in salinity, with no embryos surviving to full term in salinities greater than 50‰. Mean weight and mantle length also decreased with increasing salinity. Besides elevated salinity, the brine also had increased concentrations of Ba, Ca, K, Sr and Mg relative to water near Point Lowly. Brine discharge from seawater desalination poses a potential threat to the unique spawning aggregation of the giant Australian cuttlefish, in the upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia.

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Maintenance and Update Frequency: unknown
Statement: Study site and study species Data collection and field sampling were made at nine sites in the coastal waters between Black Point and Point Lowly in the upper Spencer Gulf. This area is where the dense spawning aggregation of S. apama occurs every winter from May to August. Abundance of clutches Egg abundance was determined during July 2007 and 2008 at each of the 9 sites by underwater visual strip transects undertaken on SCUBA. Six replicate transects of 20 m length were sampled at each site. Two to three divers counted the number of clutches of eggs while searching to 1 m either side of the transect line; the area covered per site was 240 m2. Clutches were defined as a group of two or more eggs. Water quality Water quality was analysed and environmental parameters determined in July and August 2007 during the peak egg developmental period of the giant Australian cuttlefish. Samples for analysis of nutrients and trace elements were taken from the 9 sites within the known breeding ground where numbers of clutches of eggs were estimated. Surface water samples for analysis of nutrients and water chemistry were taken (15 cm below surface) via 20 ml plastic sterilised syringes (n = 6) at each of the 9 sites. Samples for nutrient analysis (n = 3) were then filtered through 0.45 lm glass fibre filters into 15 ml sample containers and stored frozen prior to analysis. Nutrient samples were then analysed for concentrations of dissolved ammonia (NHþ3 =4), oxidised nitrogen (NOx), and orthophosphate (OP) on a Lachet FIA (Flow injection Analysis) Automated Ion Analyser. Water chemistry Samples for water chemistry (n = 3) were also filtered through 0.45 lm glass fibre filters but placed into acid washed 30 ml sample containers containing 500 lL of nitric acid (HNO3) (70%) and refrigerated for trace element analysis. These samples were analysed by the National Measurement Institute (NMI) for trace elements (Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn) and Copper (Cu)). A Perkin Elmer 6000 DRC (Dynamic Reaction Cell) inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometer (ICP– MS) was used to detect the concentrations within each sample. High resolution ICP–MS was used to determine Zn concentrations to remove interference of molecular ions originating from NaCl, S, Mg, K, and Ca. Lutetium and indium were used as internal standards to correct for ICP–MS drift. Cu and Mn were omitted from further analyses because the readings were below detection limits. Environmental parameters A YSI 6600 Multi-parameter Water Quality Meter (CTD sonde) was used to obtain data on depth, temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) at each site. The sonde was slowly lowered from the side of a boat and took recordings from the surface to the bottom for 90 s with 3–7 s intervals between each reading. On the first sampling occasion readings were taken for all sites and replicate drops were conducted. On the second sampling occasion only one set of recordings were taken and some sites were not sampled due to rough sea conditions. Embryo growth experiment Egg collection S. apama eggs were collected from Stony Point in the upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia during July 2007. Newly laid eggs that were soft, bright white and opaque in appearance were collected. Date of hatching was recorded for each individual and minimum length of time to hatching determined based on eggs being laid on the day of collection. Percent survival was determined based on the number of individuals per tank per treatment which survived to hatching. Hatchlings were removed immediately from tanks once hatched and placed into an ice slurry. Length was measured using Mitutoyo digital blade type callipers (±0.05 mm) and wet weight, using an electronic balance (±0.01 g). Field samples Ten hatchlings were collected from Stony Point just prior to hatching in October to determine condition of wild cuttlefish. Length and weight measurements of hatchlings were determined in the laboratory using electronic callipers and an electronic balance. Please refer to published report for detailed methodologies: Dupavillon JL, Gillanders BM (2009) Impacts of seawater desalination on the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama in the upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia. Marine Environmental Research 67, 207-218.

Notes

Credit
Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories
Credit
University of Adelaide
Credit
Jacqueline L. Dupavillon

Created: 17 05 2013

Data time period: 01 07 2007 to 30 07 2008

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138,-32 138,-35 136,-35 136,-32 138,-32

137,-33.5

text: westlimit=136.00; southlimit=-35.00; eastlimit=138.00; northlimit=-32.00

Subjects
Ammonia | ANIMALS/INVERTEBRATES | BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION | BIOSPHERE | Brine | CTD (Conductivity-Temperature-Depth Profilers) | Desalinization | Desalination | EARTH SCIENCE | ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS | Endangered Species | ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE/MANAGEMENT | Giant Australian Cuttlefish | Global/Oceans | Southern Ocean/ Australia extension | HUMAN DIMENSIONS | Mollusks | Marine Features (Australia) | Spencer Gulf, SA | Mass Spectrometers | Nitrogen | OCEAN CHEMISTRY | OCEAN TEMPERATURE | OCEANS | oxygen | Oceans | Marine Biology | Marine Invertebrates | Ph | Phosphate | Salinity | SALINITY/DENSITY | SCUBA (observations and/or sampling) | SPECIES/POPULATION INTERACTIONS | Sepia apama | Trace Elements | Visual Counts/Observations | Water Management | Water Temperature | Water Column Samplers | biota | count | depth | environment | length | mass_concentration_of_ barium_in_sea_water | mass_concentration_of_ copper_in_sea_water | mass_concentration_of_ iron_in_sea_water | mass_concentration_of_ magnesium_in_sea_water | mass_concentration_of_ manganese_in_sea_water | mass_concentration_of_ potassium_in_sea_water | mass_concentration_of_ strontium_in_sea_water | mass_concentration_of_ zinc_in_sea_water | mass_concentration_of_ammonia_in_sea_water | mass_concentration_of_calcium_in_sea_water | mass_concentration_of_dissolved_oxygen_in_sea_water | mass_concentration_of_orthophosphate_in_sea_water | mass_concentration_of_oxidised_nitrogen_in_sea_water | oceans | pH | sea_water_salinity | sea_water_temperature | weight |

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