Brief description
This data was collected in December 2012 - January 2013 by the IMOS Ship of Opportunity Underway CO2 Measurement research group on RV Aurora Australis (IMOS platform code: VNAA) voyage AA1213V2.Departed: Hobart, Tasmania, December 20, 2012
Arrived: Hobart, Tasmania, January 08, 2013
CO2 System Overview:
The fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO2) in surface seawater was measured using a General Oceanics Inc. automated system (Model 8050; Pierrot et al 2009). Seawater is sprayed into an equilibration chamber and CO2 in the headspace gas equilibrates with the seawater. The headspace gas is pumped through a thermoelectric condenser followed by a nafion drying tube before flowing through a Licor 7000 non-dispersive infrared gas analyser used to measure the CO2 mole fraction (XCO2) of the dried air. The gas flow is stopped temporarily for the CO2 measurements, which are made at atmospheric pressure. A set of four CO2 standards that cover the range of CO2 values expected in the ocean are analysed about every three hours to calibrate the gas analyser. Atmospheric XCO2 (dry) is measured after the standards by pumping clean outside air from an intake on the forward mast of the ship.
Seawater intake and ancillary data:
The seawater intake is at about 6 m depth. A remote temperature sensor (Seabird Electronics SBE38) located at the intake is used to measure sea surface temperature (SST). Sea surface salinity is measured using a thermosalinograph (Seabird Electronics SBE21) mounted in the oceanographic lab next to the pCO2 system. The travel time between the intake and CO2 system is typically about 70 seconds with warming usually less than 0.7ºC in cold waters near freezing. The thermosalinograph water is from the same intake and supply line.
Meteorological data, salinity, SST, and ships position and time are taken from the ship’s logging system.
Lineage
Statement: Parameters logged by the fCO2 system and ship sensors are quality controlled after each voyage.1. Data with missing parameters or obvious outliers for the ship or fCO2 system parameters are marked as missing and removed from the calculations. Parameter values are flagged as good (flag=2), questionable (flag=3), or bad (flag=4), depending on the range of values expected. Many of the ship and CO2 system parameters are not reported in the final dataset, but are used to establish that the system is functioning correctly. For example, water flow rates to the equilibrator below 2 LPM are flagged as questionable and the cause investigated with the flag value changed to 4 if the flow has been interrupted or is insufficient. Similar checks are made to ensure the gas flow through the infrared gas analyser is in a suitable range (50 to 120ml/min). The list of parameters checked are:
CO2 system data quality controlled:
GPS date and Time
Latitude and Longitude
Water flow rate
Gas flow rates through licor analyser
Atmospheric pressure
Equilibrator pressure
Equilibrator water temperature
Mole fraction CO2
Water vapour in gas stream
Licor NDIR temperature
Ship's data quality controlled:
GPS date and time
Latitude and Longitude
Sea surface temperature
Sea surface salinity
Relative wind speed and direction
True wind speed and direction
2. The data sets are next evaluated for excessive warming of the seawater flowing to the equilibrator, and for contamination of the atmospheric measurements by ship stack gas.
The fCO2 value in the water is sensitive to warming between the ship intake and equilibrator. The travel time between the ship intake and equilibrator is first checked by comparing the timing of rapid changes in surface water temperature for the intake (SST) and the equilibrator temperatures. The travel time or lag time is usually about 4 minutes, although this can vary due to ship engineers altering the flow rates through the water line and other users removing water. The lag is accounted for in the warming calculation. High lags cause some smearing of the equilibrator temperature signal, relative to the SST, are also expected to cause some smoothing of the fCO2 signal. The warming in the system used on RV Southern Surveyor is typically less than 0.6°C, with higher values expected in cooler regions, or when water flow problems occur. Data with excessive warming (>0.6°C) is examined to evaluate the cause. The higher lags can result in greater warming when the ship is in cooler waters. Low water flow rates are typically associated with anomalously high warming and these data are flagged as bad.
Atmospheric CO2 values can be influenced by contamination from industrial and population centres and from contamination with ship stack gas. The intake on the forward mast of the ship is within about 20m of the ship stacks. The relative wind speed and direction recorded by the ship meteorological sensors are used to evaluate if anomalous atmospheric measurements could be due to stack gas contamination. High XCO2ATM_PPM values due to stack gas is often observed at relative wind speeds below about 5 knots and relative wind direction less than ±70 degrees over the bow. The data with likely stack gas contamination are flagged as bad (flag = 4) and not included in the calculations outlined below.
3. After completion of the quality control checks, the measure mole fractions are corrected to final values using measurements of the four CO2-in-air standards. The standards are run about every four hours to bracket the air and equilibrator measurements. The offsets between the measured and certified values of each standard are linearly interpolated to the times of measurement of the air and equilibrator samples. At each measurement time, a linear regression of offset values versus certified standard values is used to calculate the offset to apply to the measured air and equilibrator values. The corrections are typically small (about 1 to 2 ppm) and account for drift of the gas analyser response over time. The corrected mole fractions (dry) for the equilibrator and air samples flagged as good are then used to calculate the fugacity of CO2. Only data flagged as good or suspect are report in the final data set.
Processing comments:
Ship’s underway thermosalinograph, sea surface temperature and meteorological data were collected and calibrated by the Australian Antarctic Division Data Centre.
The time lag between the intake temperature and the equilibrator temperature on this cruise is of less than 70 seconds. This time lag was not applied to the SST data.
After arrival to Hobart, the pCO2 system was kept working for testing before the next voyage. All data after the 07/01/13 21:18:56 is flagged as ‘bad’ to be excluded for calculations.
Please see the voyage dataset report for additional processing details and fugacity of carbon dioxide calculations (fCO2SW and fCO2ATM)..
Notes
CreditAustralia’s Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) is enabled by the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS). It is operated by a consortium of institutions as an unincorporated joint venture, with the University of Tasmania as Lead Agent.
Credit
Australian Antarctic Division (AAD)
Australian Antarctic Division (AAD)
Credit
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CMAR)
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CMAR)
Created: 27 06 2013
Data time period: 17 12 2012 to 07 01 2013
text: westlimit=109.5015; southlimit=-66.2695; eastlimit=147.468167; northlimit=-42.879833
text: uplimit=5; downlimit=5
Subjects
ATMOSPHERE |
Atmospheric Pressure |
Coastal Cities / Towns (Australia) | Hobart, TAS |
Countries | Australia |
EARTH SCIENCE |
Global / Oceans | Southern Ocean |
IMOS Node | Bluewater and Climate |
IMOS Sub-Facility | Multidisplinary Underway Network |
IMOS Sub-Facility | SOOP-CO2 | Carbon Dioxide Measurements |
Marine Planning Regions (Australia) | Australian Antarctic |
OCEAN TEMPERATURE |
OCEAN WINDS |
OCEANS |
Ocean Biogeochemistry |
Salinity |
SALINITY/DENSITY |
Sea Surface Temperature |
Surface Winds |
States, Territories (Australia) | Tasmania |
air_pressure |
air_sea_gradient_in_fugacity_of_carbon_dioxide |
cruise_designation |
equilibrator_head_space_pressure |
equilibrator_water_temperature |
fugacity |
fugacity_of_carbon_dioxide_at_surface_water_salinity_and_temperature |
fugacity_of_carbon_dioxide_in_the_atmosphere |
gas_flow_through_infrared_gas_analyser |
latitude |
longitude |
measurement_type |
mole_fraction_of_carbon_dioxide_in_air |
mole_fraction_of_carbon_dioxide_in_air_interpolated |
mole_fraction_of_carbon_dioxide_in_the_equilibrator_head_space |
oceans |
pCO2 |
partial pressure |
sea_surface_salinity |
sea_surface_temperature |
water_flow_to_equilibrator |
wind_from_direction |
wind_speed |
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Identifiers
- global : fd73c2c5-4464-4717-a601-db7d1121db0d
