Data

Alice Mulga Acoustic Data Collection - TERN

Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network
Cleverly, Jamie
Viewed: [[ro.stat.viewed]] Cited: [[ro.stat.cited]] Accessed: [[ro.stat.accessed]]
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2FANDS&rft_id=http://geonetwork.tern.org.au/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/53c8734c-0dcb-45b5-a027-3a9d1af24dbe&rft.title=Alice Mulga Acoustic Data Collection - TERN&rft.identifier=http://geonetwork.tern.org.au/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/53c8734c-0dcb-45b5-a027-3a9d1af24dbe&rft.publisher=Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network&rft.description=This dataset contains audio files for Alice Mulga SuperSite. Alice Mulga SuperSite was established in 2010 at Pine Hill Cattle Station with research plots located in low open woodland mulga (Acacia aneura) and non-acacia, hummock grassland, and river red gum forest. The core 1 ha plot is located in a dense mulga woodland (cover 70–80%). For additional site information, see Alice Mulga SuperSite In 2013 an acoustic recorder was set up in mulga woodland to collect audio data for a total of 12 hours per day, split between six hours around dawn and six hours around dusk. The recording schedule aimed at capturing morning and evening bird choruses while minimizing memory and battery requirements. A long-term spectrogram has been generated for each audio file to aid in data exploration. The sensor also recorded temperature, minimum- maximum- and mean-sound pressure levels. Acoustic indices and false colour spectrograms were created for the recordings. Acoustic indices are summaries of the distribution of the acoustic energy in a recording. They are particularly useful for the analysis of long-term recordings of the environment and can be used to identify sound sources of interest, characterise the soundscape, aid in the assessment of fauna biodiversity, monitor temporal trends and track environmental changes. False colour spectrograms are visual representation of individual acoustic indices or combination of multiple indices. They can highlight the presence of specific sound sources, e.g. birds, insects or weather events, providing a tool for navigating long-term recordings. Data are made available through the data link. For downloading large amount of data, please follow these instructions How to download TERN's acoustic data in bulkAn acoustic sensor was set up to collect audio data as part of a continent wide long term monitoring project. The sensor was a Wildlife Acoustics Song Meter 2 equipped with two microphones. According to manufacturer's specifications the microphones sensitivity was -36±4 dB (0 dB=1 V/Pa at 1 kHz). The sensor was mounted on a star picket. Data were recorded for a total of 12 hours per day, split between six hours around dawn and six hours around dusk. Recordings were made as dual channel, three-hour long wac files, and were later converted into flac format. They had a sampling rate of 22,050 or 44,100 Hz and a depth of 16 bits. Long-term spectrograms have been created for the audio files and are avaialble through the data link. The sensor also recorded 'ancillary data' such as temperature, minimum- maximum- and mean-sound pressure levels. Acoustic indices were calculated using the software AnalysisProgram version 19.2.2.1. Long term recordings were resampled at 22.05 kHz and divided into one minute long segments. Acoustic indices were calculated for each segment. Spectral indices were calculated on one minute long spectrograms. Each spectrogram was created by first dividing the one minute long recording into frames of 512 samples each and then calculating the Fast Fourier Transform for each frame. The frequency resolution was 43.1 Hz. The spectra were smoothed using a moving average window of width three and spectral amplitude values are converted into spectral power or decibels (dB). Summary indices were calculated on the waveform envelope or were derived from the spectrograms. The wave envelope was created by taking the maximum absolute value in each frame. Absolute values were converted to dB. False colour spectrograms were produced for each spectral index and combination of indices. Please note the following points: dB values are in reference to a hypothetical signal of unit amplitude. Before the indices were calculated, noise had been removed form both the waveform and the spectrogram using a modified versions of Lamel's adaptive level equalization (Lamel et al., 1981). Entropy values were subtracted from 1 to obtain a measure of energy concentration which provides a more intuitive index. To create false colour spectrograms, indices were normalised between a minimum and maximum value. These values affect only the visualization and are provided in the configuration file in the data access link. The dataset contains variables labelled DIFsp and SUMsp which are used only for internal checks. They do not correspond to acoustic indices. Progress Code: completedMaintenance and Update Frequency: notPlanned&rft.creator=Cleverly, Jamie &rft.date=2024&rft.edition=1.0&rft.relation=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/110634/&rft.relation=https://doi.org/10.1109/TASSP.1981.1163642&rft.relation=https://www.tern.org.au/tern-observatory/tern-ecosystem-processes/alice-mulga-supersite/&rft.coverage=Located at Pine Hill Cattle Station, north of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory.&rft.coverage=northlimit=-22.283; southlimit=-22.283; westlimit=133.251; eastLimit=133.251; projection=EPSG:4326&rft_rights=Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0&rft_rights=&rft_rights=Acoustic indices and false colour spectrograms were created using AnalysisProgram version 19.2.2.1. They cannot be compared or collated to data processed with different versions or with a different software. If you intend to use the acoustic indices for management purposes, we recommend re-processing the data using the latest version of the software.&rft_rights=TERN services are provided on an “as-is” and “as available” basis. Users use any TERN services at their discretion and risk. They will be solely responsible for any damage or loss whatsoever that results from such use including use of any data obtained through TERN and any analysis performed using the TERN infrastructure.<br /><br />Web links to and from external, third party websites should not be construed as implying any relationships with and/or endorsement of the external site or its content by TERN.<br /><br />Please advise any work or publications that use this data via the online form at https://www.tern.org.au/research-publications/#reporting&rft_rights=Please cite this dataset as {Author} ({PublicationYear}). {Title}. {Version, as appropriate}. Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network. Dataset. {Identifier}.&rft_subject=environment&rft_subject=ANIMAL ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR&rft_subject=EARTH SCIENCE&rft_subject=AGRICULTURE&rft_subject=ANIMAL SCIENCE&rft_subject=BIRDS&rft_subject=BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION&rft_subject=ANIMALS/VERTEBRATES&rft_subject=INSECTS&rft_subject=ACOUSTIC FREQUENCY&rft_subject=OCEANS&rft_subject=OCEAN ACOUSTICS&rft_subject=AMBIENT NOISE&rft_subject=Animal Behaviour&rft_subject=BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES&rft_subject=ZOOLOGY&rft_subject=Acoustics and Acoustical Devices; Waves&rft_subject=PHYSICAL SCIENCES&rft_subject=CLASSICAL PHYSICS&rft_subject=Behavioural Ecology&rft_subject=ECOLOGY&rft_subject=Conservation and Biodiversity&rft_subject=ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES&rft_subject=ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT&rft_subject=Environmental Management&rft_subject=Alice Mulga&rft_subject=Song Meter SM2&rft_subject=sound pressure in air (volt)&rft_subject=volt&rft_subject=acoustic complexity index (Unitless)&rft_subject=Unitless&rft_subject=background noise (Decibel)&rft_subject=Decibel&rft_subject=acoustic spectral cover (Unitless)&rft_subject=acoustic events index (Number)&rft_subject=Number&rft_subject=acoustic horizontal ridge index (Decibel)&rft_subject=acoustic negative ridge index (Decibel)&rft_subject=acoustic oscillation index (Number)&rft_subject=acoustic positive ridge index (Decibel)&rft_subject=acoustic power minus noise index (Decibel)&rft_subject=acoustic maximum ridge index (Decibel)&rft_subject=acoustic peak tracks index (Number)&rft_subject=acoustic temporal entropy index (Unitless)&rft_subject=acoustic vertical ridge index (Decibel)&rft_subject=3-gram count (Number)&rft_subject=acoustic activity index (Unitless)&rft_subject=signal amplitude (Decibel)&rft_subject=acoustic average signal to noise ratio of activity frames index (Decibel)&rft_subject=acoustic clipping (Number)&rft_subject=acoustic cluster count index (Unitless)&rft_subject=acoustic entropy of average spectrum index (Unitless)&rft_subject=acoustic entropy of coefficient of variation index (Unitless)&rft_subject=acoustic entropy of peaks spectrum index (Unitless)&rft_subject=acoustic high amplitude index (Number)&rft_subject=acoustic high frequency cover index (Unitless)&rft_subject=acoustic low frequency cover index (Unitless)&rft_subject=acoustic mid frequency cover index (Unitless)&rft_subject=normalized difference soundscape index (Unitless)&rft_subject=signal to noise ratio (Decibel)&rft_subject=spectral density (Unitless)&rft_subject=acoustic zero signal index (Number)&rft_subject=acoustic entropy of variance spectrum index (Unitless)&rft_subject=air temperature (degree Celsius)&rft_subject=degree Celsius&rft_subject=sound pressure level in air (Decibel)&rft_subject=Point Resolution&rft_subject=< 1 second&rft_subject=INSECTA&rft_subject=AVES&rft_subject=MAMMALIA&rft_subject=Acoustic recordings&rft_subject=alic&rft.type=dataset&rft.language=English Access the data

Licence & Rights:

Open Licence view details
CC-BY

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Acoustic indices and false colour spectrograms were created using AnalysisProgram version 19.2.2.1. They cannot be compared or collated to data processed with different versions or with a different software. If you intend to use the acoustic indices for management purposes, we recommend re-processing the data using the latest version of the software.

TERN services are provided on an “as-is” and “as available” basis. Users use any TERN services at their discretion and risk. They will be solely responsible for any damage or loss whatsoever that results from such use including use of any data obtained through TERN and any analysis performed using the TERN infrastructure.

Web links to and from external, third party websites should not be construed as implying any relationships with and/or endorsement of the external site or its content by TERN.

Please advise any work or publications that use this data via the online form at https://www.tern.org.au/research-publications/#reporting

Please cite this dataset as {Author} ({PublicationYear}). {Title}. {Version, as appropriate}. Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network. Dataset. {Identifier}.

Access:

Open view details

unclassified

Contact Information

Street Address:
Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network
Building 1019, 80 Meiers Rd
QLD 4068
Australia
Ph: +61 7 3365 9097

esupport@tern.org.au

Brief description

This dataset contains audio files for Alice Mulga SuperSite. Alice Mulga SuperSite was established in 2010 at Pine Hill Cattle Station with research plots located in low open woodland mulga (Acacia aneura) and non-acacia, hummock grassland, and river red gum forest. The core 1 ha plot is located in a dense mulga woodland (cover 70–80%). For additional site information, see Alice Mulga SuperSite

In 2013 an acoustic recorder was set up in mulga woodland to collect audio data for a total of 12 hours per day, split between six hours around dawn and six hours around dusk. The recording schedule aimed at capturing morning and evening bird choruses while minimizing memory and battery requirements. A long-term spectrogram has been generated for each audio file to aid in data exploration. The sensor also recorded temperature, minimum- maximum- and mean-sound pressure levels.

Acoustic indices and false colour spectrograms were created for the recordings. Acoustic indices are summaries of the distribution of the acoustic energy in a recording. They are particularly useful for the analysis of long-term recordings of the environment and can be used to identify sound sources of interest, characterise the soundscape, aid in the assessment of fauna biodiversity, monitor temporal trends and track environmental changes. False colour spectrograms are visual representation of individual acoustic indices or combination of multiple indices. They can highlight the presence of specific sound sources, e.g. birds, insects or weather events, providing a tool for navigating long-term recordings.

Data are made available through the data link. For downloading large amount of data, please follow these instructions How to download TERN's acoustic data in bulk

Lineage

An acoustic sensor was set up to collect audio data as part of a continent wide long term monitoring project. The sensor was a Wildlife Acoustics Song Meter 2 equipped with two microphones. According to manufacturer's specifications the microphones sensitivity was -36±4 dB (0 dB=1 V/Pa at 1 kHz). The sensor was mounted on a star picket. Data were recorded for a total of 12 hours per day, split between six hours around dawn and six hours around dusk. Recordings were made as dual channel, three-hour long wac files, and were later converted into flac format. They had a sampling rate of 22,050 or 44,100 Hz and a depth of 16 bits.

Long-term spectrograms have been created for the audio files and are avaialble through the data link.

The sensor also recorded 'ancillary data' such as temperature, minimum- maximum- and mean-sound pressure levels.

Acoustic indices were calculated using the software AnalysisProgram version 19.2.2.1. Long term recordings were resampled at 22.05 kHz and divided into one minute long segments. Acoustic indices were calculated for each segment.

Spectral indices were calculated on one minute long spectrograms. Each spectrogram was created by first dividing the one minute long recording into frames of 512 samples each and then calculating the Fast Fourier Transform for each frame. The frequency resolution was 43.1 Hz. The spectra were smoothed using a moving average window of width three and spectral amplitude values are converted into spectral power or decibels (dB).

Summary indices were calculated on the waveform envelope or were derived from the spectrograms. The wave envelope was created by taking the maximum absolute value in each frame. Absolute values were converted to dB.

False colour spectrograms were produced for each spectral index and combination of indices.

Please note the following points:

  • dB values are in reference to a hypothetical signal of unit amplitude.
  • Before the indices were calculated, noise had been removed form both the waveform and the spectrogram using a modified versions of Lamel's adaptive level equalization (Lamel et al., 1981).
  • Entropy values were subtracted from 1 to obtain a measure of energy concentration which provides a more intuitive index.
  • To create false colour spectrograms, indices were normalised between a minimum and maximum value. These values affect only the visualization and are provided in the configuration file in the data access link.
  • The dataset contains variables labelled DIFsp and SUMsp which are used only for internal checks. They do not correspond to acoustic indices.

Progress Code: completed
Maintenance and Update Frequency: notPlanned

Notes

Credit
We at TERN acknowledge the Traditional Owners and Custodians throughout Australia, New Zealand and all nations. We honour their profound connections to land, water, biodiversity and culture and pay our respects to their Elders past, present and emerging.

Alice Mulga SuperSite was established in 2010 in partnership with the University of Technology Sydney. Since 2021 it has been managed by James Cook University.

This work was funded by the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), an Australian Government National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) project.

Purpose
Long-term acoustic recordings are collected to characterise the acoustic sources in the ecosystem. Recordings can be used to estimate biodiversity, monitor temporal changes in the soundscape, compare the acoustic characteristics of different locations, and assess the effect of particular events such as bushfires and floods.

Created: 2013-02-11

Issued: 2024-01-18

Modified: 2024-05-12

Data time period: 2013-02-11 to 2019-05-19

This dataset is part of a larger collection

Click to explore relationships graph

133.251,-22.283

133.251,-22.283

text: Located at Pine Hill Cattle Station, north of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory.

Subjects
3-gram count (Number) | < 1 second | ACOUSTIC FREQUENCY | AGRICULTURE | AMBIENT NOISE | ANIMAL ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR | ANIMAL SCIENCE | ANIMALS/VERTEBRATES | AVES | Acoustic recordings | Acoustics and Acoustical Devices; Waves | Alice Mulga | Animal Behaviour | BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION | Biological Sciences | BIRDS | Behavioural Ecology | Classical Physics | Conservation and Biodiversity | Decibel | EARTH SCIENCE | Ecology | Environmental Science and Management | Environmental Sciences | Environmental Management | INSECTA | INSECTS | MAMMALIA | Number | OCEAN ACOUSTICS | OCEANS | Physical Sciences | Point Resolution | Song Meter SM2 | Unitless | Zoology | acoustic activity index (Unitless) | acoustic average signal to noise ratio of activity frames index (Decibel) | acoustic clipping (Number) | acoustic cluster count index (Unitless) | acoustic complexity index (Unitless) | acoustic entropy of average spectrum index (Unitless) | acoustic entropy of coefficient of variation index (Unitless) | acoustic entropy of peaks spectrum index (Unitless) | acoustic entropy of variance spectrum index (Unitless) | acoustic events index (Number) | acoustic high amplitude index (Number) | acoustic high frequency cover index (Unitless) | acoustic horizontal ridge index (Decibel) | acoustic low frequency cover index (Unitless) | acoustic maximum ridge index (Decibel) | acoustic mid frequency cover index (Unitless) | acoustic negative ridge index (Decibel) | acoustic oscillation index (Number) | acoustic peak tracks index (Number) | acoustic positive ridge index (Decibel) | acoustic power minus noise index (Decibel) | acoustic spectral cover (Unitless) | acoustic temporal entropy index (Unitless) | acoustic vertical ridge index (Decibel) | acoustic zero signal index (Number) | air temperature (degree Celsius) | alic | background noise (Decibel) | degree Celsius | environment | normalized difference soundscape index (Unitless) | signal amplitude (Decibel) | signal to noise ratio (Decibel) | sound pressure in air (volt) | sound pressure level in air (Decibel) | spectral density (Unitless) | volt |

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